Explosive Brigade (1986)

Kathleen Madigan: Madigan Again

Kathleen Madigan drops in on Detroit to deliver material derived from time spent with her Irish Catholic Midwest family, eating random pills out of her mother's purse, touring Afghanistan, and her love of John Denver and the Lunesta butterfly.

The Last Battle

The plot explores the devastation of civilization and issues of brutality, hostility and isolation. Pierre Jolivet stars as the main character (identified only as "The Man" in the end credits) who is menaced by "The Brute" (played by Jean Reno) on his journey through a world filled by people rendered nearly mute by some unknown incident.

The Summit

At a summit for Latin American presidents in Chile where the region's geopolitical strategies and alliances are in discussion, Argentine president Hernán Blanco endures political and family drama that will force him to face his own demons.

The Antidote

JAM (Christian Clavier), a French "master of the universe" is on the brink of a major takeover when he starts suffering from anxiety attacks. His doctor (Lhermite) thinks it is to do with childhood experiences and suggests he searches back in his mind to something that could be the trigger and will prove to be the antidote.

School's Out

Pierre Hoffman joins a prestigious school as a substitute teacher and soon notices, among some of his students, an unjustified hostility and a spark of violence in their eyes. Is it because the unspeakable tragedy they have just experienced? Is it because they seem to be extraordinarily gifted children? Is it because they have lost all hope for the future? From curiosity to obsession, Pierre will try to unlock their secret.

Ebirah, Horror of the Deep

Searching for his brother, Ryota stows away on a boat belonging to a criminal alongside two other teenagers. The group shipwrecks on Letchi island and discover the Infant Island natives have been enslaved by a terrorist organization controlling a crustacean monster. Finding a sleeping Godzilla, they decide to awaken him to defeat the terrorists and liberate the natives.

Mysterious Island

During the US Civil War, Union POWs escape in a balloon and end up stranded on a South Pacific island, inhabited by giant plants and animals. They must use their ingenuity to survive the dangers, and to devise a way to return home. Sequel to '20,000 Leagues Under the Sea' .

For Love and Gold

A group of rogues steal a scroll granting its bearer the property of the land of Aurocastro in Apulia, a province in the south of Italy. They elect a shaggy knight, Brancaleone from Norcia, as their leader, and decide to get possession of this supposedly wealthy land. Many adventures will occurr during the journey.

Pépé le Moko

Pépé le Moko, one of France's most wanted criminals, hides out in the Casbah section of Algiers. He knows police will be waiting for him if he tries to leave the city. When Pépé meets Gaby, a gorgeous woman from Paris who is lost in the Casbah, he falls for her.

The Curse of the Jade Scorpion

CW Briggs is a veteran insurance investigator, with many successes. Betty Ann Fitzgerald is a new employee in the company he works for, with the task of reorganizing the office. They don't like each other - or at least that's what they think. During a night out with the rest of the office employees, they go to watch Voltan, a magician who secretly hypnotizes both of them.

Linda Linda Linda

Only three days before their high school festival, guitarist Kei, drummer Kyoko, and bassist Nozomi are forced to recruit a new lead vocalist for their band. They choose Korean exchange student Son, though her comprehension of Japanese is a bit rough! It's a race against time as the group struggles to learn three songs for the festival's rock concert—including a classic '80s song by the Japanese punk rock band The Blue Hearts called "Linda Linda".

2-Headed Shark Attack

A Semester at Sea ship is attacked and sunk by a mutated two-headed shark, and the survivors seek refuge on a deserted atoll. The coeds, however, are no longer safe when the atoll starts flooding.

Snake in the Eagle's Shadow

Everyone abuses and humiliates a downtrodden orphan until he befriends an old man, who turns out to be the last master of the snake fist fighting style. Jackie becomes the old man's student and finds himself in battle with the master of the eagle's claw style, who has vowed to destroy the snake fist clan.

Magical Mystery Tour

While on a coach tour, The Beatles and a few dozen friends experience strange happenings caused by magicians.

God of Gamblers III: Back to Shanghai

While battling a psychic gambler, Sing hurtles back in time to 1937 Shanghai. Now he must come to grips with his family history and get back to 1991.

L'Avventura

Claudia and Anna join Anna's lover, Sandro, on a boat trip to a remote volcanic island. When Anna goes missing, a search is launched. In the meantime, Sandro and Claudia become involved in a romance despite Anna's disappearance, though the relationship suffers from guilt and tension.

Happy Easter

Chronic serial womanizer Stephane Margelle drops his wife Sophie off at the airport so she can go away for Easter weekend. He immediately picks up beautiful young Julie, who has just had a fight with her married boyfriend. He gets her back to his apartment and is preparing for a sexy weekend, when his wife suddenly returns home. He makes up a bizarre, on-the-spot, spur-of-the-moment story that the gorgeous girl is actually his long-lost daughter. Julie plays along, but this leads to a whole series of increasingly ridiculous lies and comical situations (such as when her real mother shows up).

Would I Lie to You? 2

Eddie, Dov, and Yvan are back, still working in Paris' Sentier textile district, This time they're confronting the high-stakes world of large distribution after striking a deal with Eurodiscount, a European hypermarket chain.

Invasion of Astro-Monster

Astronauts Glenn and Fuji investigate Planet X and encounter mysterious aliens known as the Xiliens, who ask Earth's people to help save their world from "Monster Zero". In exchange for borrowing Godzilla and Rodan, the Xiliens offer a cure for cancer. As Glenn investigates, he develops a romance with Miss Namikawa and uncovers the Xilien's true intentions.

Main Tera Hero

Seenu loves Sunaina but they're chased by a stalking cop, an infatuated beauty and her mafia don dad - can Seenu's heroics work?

The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie

A headstrong young teacher in a private school in 1930s Edinburgh ignores the curriculum and influences her impressionable 12-year-old charges with her over-romanticized worldview.

Loving Vincent

A young man arrives at the last hometown of painter Vincent van Gogh to deliver the troubled artist's final letter and ends up investigating his final days there.

Night of the Living Dead: Re-Animation

After inheriting the family mortuary, a pyrophobic mortician accidentally exposes hundreds of un-cremated bodies to toxic medical waste. As the corpses re-animate, the mortician's inheritance-seeking younger brother unexpectantly shows up, stumbling upon a full zombie outbreak!

Mood Indigo

A woman suffers from an unusual illness caused by a flower growing in her lungs.

The Roaring Twenties

After World War I, Armistice Lloyd Hart goes back to practice law, former saloon keeper George Hally turns to bootlegging, and out-of-work Eddie Bartlett becomes a cab driver. Eddie builds a fleet of cabs through delivery of bootleg liquor and hires Lloyd as his lawyer. George becomes Eddie's partner and the rackets flourish until love and rivalry interfere.

The Devil and Father Amorth

William Friedkin attends an exorcism with Father Gabriele Amorth, as he treats an Italian woman named Cristina for the ninth time. Prior to filming, Cristina had purportedly been experiencing behavioural changes and “fits” that could not be explained by psychiatry, and which became worse during Christian holidays.

Borsalino

In 1930s Marseilles two small-time crooks decide to join forces when they meet while brawling over a woman. Starting with fixed horse races and boxing matches, they soon find themselves doing jobs for the local gangster bosses. When they decide to go into the business for themselves, their easy-going approach to crime starts to change.

F/X

A movies special effects man is hired by a government agency to help stage the assassination of a well known gangster. When the agency double cross him, he uses his special effects to trap the gangster and the corrupt agents.

Detective Conan: Quarter of Silence

The explosion of a new Tokyo Subway line leads Conan and his friends in a snow-clad village. Here, after eight years, the little detective sheds light on the dynamics behind the shocking event that caused the death of a woman and the coma of a 15-year-old boy. Under the beautiful snow, Conan gets involved in something bigger than him.

The Lives of Others

In 1984 East Berlin, dedicated Stasi officer Gerd Wiesler begins spying on a famous playwright and his actress-lover Christa-Maria. Wiesler becomes unexpectedly sympathetic to the couple, and faces conflicting loyalties when his superior takes a liking to Christa-Maria.

Wrong

Dolph Springer wakes up one morning to realize he has lost the love of his life, his dog, Paul. During his quest to get Paul (and his life) back, Dolph radically changes the lives of others -- risking his sanity all the while.

Mektoub, My Love: Canto Uno

Amin, an aspiring screenwriter living in Paris, returns home for the summer, to a fishing village in the South of France. It is a time of reconnecting with his family and his childhood friends. Together with his cousin Tony and his best friend Ophélie, he spends his time between the Tunisian restaurant run by his parents, the local bars and the beaches frequented by girls on holiday. Enchanted by the many female characters who surround him, Amin remains in awe of these summer sirens while his dionysiac cousin throws himself into their carnal delights with euphoria. Armed with his camera and guided by the bright simmer light of the Mediterranean coast, Amin pursues his philosophical quest while gathering inspiration for his screenplays. When it comes to love, only Mektoub (‘destiny' in Arabic) can decide.

The Wise Guys

Hector Valentin returns to France from Canada when he inherits a small sawmill. He has difficulties restarting the run-down operation which has inefficient workers and is hampered by the dirty tactics of its bigger...

Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla

An Okinawan prophecy that foretells the destruction of the Earth is seeming fulfilled when Godzilla emerges to return to his destructive roots. But not all is what it seems after Godzilla breaks his ally Anguirus's jaw. Matters are further complicated when a second Godzilla emerges, revealing the doppelgänger as a mechanical weapon.

La Classe américaine

George Abitbol, the classiest man in the world, dies tragically during a cruise. The director of an American newspaper, wondering about the meaning of these intriguing final words, asks his three best investigators, Dave, Peter and Steven, to solve the mystery. (Sixteen French actors dub scenes from various Warner Bros. films to create a parody of Citizen Kane, 1941.)

Rememory

The widow of a wise professor stumbles upon one of his inventions that's able to record and play a person's memory.

The Doors

The story of the famous and influential 1960s rock band and its lead singer and composer, Jim Morrison.

Demon Seed

A scientist creates Proteus, an organic supercomputer with artificial intelligence which becomes obsessed with human beings, and in particular the creator's wife.

I Married a Dumbass

Florencia, a rising actress, ends up falling in love with her co-star, a famous film star. When they decide to marry, Florencia becomes aware that in reality she fell in love with the character and that her husband is indeed a real idiot.

A Boyfriend for My Wife

El Tenso does not know how to face his ill-tempered wife, Tana, to tell her that he wants to separate. Carlos, a friend of Tenso, suggests him to invert the situation and cause Tana to leave him by hiring Cuervo Flores, an irresistible seducer, to try and charm his wife until she falls in love with him.

De acá a la China

In 1986, Facundo's father had a store in the heart of Buenos Aires, and it was very successful. However, in the early 90s, with the arrival of Chinese supermarkets, the store couldn't compete and had to close. Thirty years later, Facundo travels to the other end of the planet with the sole purpose of getting revenge by opening the first Argentine supermarket in China.

All Hail

A famous TV weatherman, Miguel Flores, becomes public enemy number one when he fails to predict a terrible hailstorm. He is forced out of the big city, Buenos Aires, fleeing the capital for his birthplace of Córdoba. The result will be a voyage of rediscovery that is as absurd as it is human.

Night Shift

The night shift clerk at a sex hotel, suffering from narcolepsy, is faced with a night when things are unusually busy and housekeeping finds a gun in room 6.

My Masterpiece

Arturo, the successful owner of an art gallery, and Renzo, a talented but decadent painter, are old friends who cannot stop bickering. One day, Arturo comes up with a solution to all their problems, but the plan they concoct turns out to be crazier and riskier than they originally expected.

Lion's Heart

Ivana Cornejo is just getting used to being single again after her divorce three years ago. After an exasperating call from her ex-husband, she throws her cell phone away. Fortunately, the man who finds it calls her to return it, and to her amusement they have an instant rapport. The man on the other end of the phone is León Godoy, a renowned architect with a charming voice and a charismatic personality. They schedule a date so that he can return the cell phone. When León arrives, Ivana is surprised: he is everything she had imagined, except for one unexpected and startling detail... he’s only 4'5" tall.

Fire Supply

Because podcasts have a limit, a person who loves his mother + his father would want to make ice or steel or else have a cemetery so that his mother does not suffer for anyone.

La luz mala

Faced with the loss of sponsors on the radio, René and Walter decide to take their program on UFOs to TV. Fate seems to accompany them, and that day one falls in the Esteros del Iberá. A TV presenter from the capital joins them in this reckless search.

The Watchmaker Monkey

El Mono relojero is a 1938 Argentine animated short film directed by Quirino Cristiani. It is the only film from this director that exists up to this day, since all his other productions (including the first two animated feature films, El Apóstol (1917) and Sin dejar rastros (1918), as well as the first animated film with sound, Peludópolis (1931)) were lost in a series of fires at the facilities where the negatives and copies were stored.

Down Argentine Way

The story—in which an American heiress on holiday in South America falls in love with an Argentine horse breeder against the wishes of their families—takes a backseat to the spectacular location shooting and parade of extravagant musical numbers, which include the larger-than-life Carmen Miranda singing the hit “South American Way” and a showstopping dance routine by the always amazing Nicholas Brothers.

Inseparables

Felipe a wealthy businessman who has been quadriplegic, due to an accident, is looking for a therapeutic assistant. There are several highly qualified, but he decides to take the assistant of his gardener, Tito who has decided to resign.

The Delinquents

Morán works as a clerk in a bank in Buenos Aires. He is as good as invisible to his colleagues. Over dinner with his colleague Román, Morán tells him that he stole exactly $650,000, which is exactly double what he would have made until his retirement. He plans to turn himself in, but not before offering Román to split the money if agrees to hide it for the duration of his incarceration.

Zombies

While on the run from zombies, a couple begin to have some relationship issues.

The Blonde on the Road

A very coquette millionaire girl runs away before her engagement and is courted by a truck driver.

Wild Horses

A man tries to rob a bank and the bank's clerk, a yuppie, pretends the thief has kidnapped him to help him run away. While they're running away, they meet a girl who becomes part of the team.

The Film Critic

Víctor Tellez is an intellectual, world-weary film critic who prefers to think in French and eschew the clichés of romantic movies...until he finds himself living a sappy, feel-good love story of his own.

The Mystery of Happiness

Life-long business partners Santiago and Eugenio care for each other, and need each other. When Eugenio suddenly vanishes, Santiago and Eugenio’s wife, join forces to look for him. What they discover is not what they set out to find, and their shared journey becomes a surprising and lighthearted meditation on friendship, love, and loyalty.

Esa semana juntos

Plot unavailable

Plastic Guns

During a trip to Denmark, a man is arrested and accused of murdering his wife and three children. Though maintaining his innocence, he remains jailed as police investigate.

Conversations with Mother

Jaime has lost his job and has to provide for his wife, son and daughter. Pressured by this circumstances, he visits his mom, who lives in an apartment he owns, to ask her to move with him so he can sell the apartment. But she is not going to cooperate. And, to Jaime's surprise, she also has a boyfriend!

Argentine Nights

An all-girl band flees to Argentina to avoid their creditors. Comedy with songs.

Funny Dirty Little War

A small revolution breaks out in a small Argentine town, as one group of Peronists calls they newly elected peronist a communist. The newly elected official enlists the aid of allies ranging from the town drunk to young peronists to help hold his post. What follows is a slapstick war with a serious message.

Manuelita

Animated Argentine film about a young girl turtle who gets lost on a balloon trip.

The Man Who Loved UFOs

In the late 1980s, journalist José de Zer seeks proof of alien life in Argentina — even if he has to fake evidence — causing a surreal media circus.

The Tangalanga Method

Shy corporate employee Jorge Rizzi's life takes an uproarious turn when he participates in a hypnosis session that rips off his inhibitions and releases a hilarious alter ego.

We're No Animals

A Hollywood actor grows tired of making the same corporate movies, so he moves to Argentina to find more experimental and meaningful work.

Two Shots Fired

Mariano, 16, inexplicably and without warning, shoots himself twice and improbably survives. Then, life goes on. His brother pursues a romance with a girl working at a fast-food joint, his mother takes off on a trip with a stranger, and Mariano recruits a woman to join his medieval wind ensemble.

The Last Train

Three old men and a little boy try to preserve what they consider to be National Patrimony in the form of a locomotive nicknamed the "33"

Papeles en el viento

When El Mono dies, his three longtime friends try to recover from the loss and want to secure his little girl's future. But for Fernando, Mauricio and El Ruso this will not be easy. They decide to recover a big investment El Mono had made when he had bought a soccer player who was supposed to become a star.

The Heist of the Century

In 2006, a group of thieves performed what is considered one of the most famous and smart bank heists in the history of Argentina. How they robbed the Rio bank is as surprising as what happened afterwards. This is their story.

Football or Me

A sports fan loses everything for being addicted to his team and soccer. He then starts a quest to find a cure and recover his wife's love.

Leonor

In her new comedy special, Malena Pichot stars as Eleonore von Schwarzenberg, an European vampire princess sent to live in a seedy Buenos Aires apartment.

Eversmile New Jersey

Traveling dentist O'Connell traverses South America on his motorcycle for the 'Eversmile' foundation of New Jersey, in a fight not only against cavities, but also against fear, ignorance, indifference - and established antediluvian dentists. During a stop at a lonesome garage he meets Estella, who is supposed to marry a few days later. However she'd rather come with him - to meet a former boyfriend in another town, she says. Expecting problems, he refuses to take her, but she tricks him into it and then tries hard to convince him of her qualities and let her stay with him.

Dad must be crazy!

On their scond honeymoon, a couple travels to the beaches of the Dominican Republic to reignite their marriage

Angels with Broken Wings

Charlotte Lord, a widow in her early forties and owner of Manhattan's smartest modiste shop, is about to marry Guy Barton, a wealthy businessman. But Mexican divorces have been declared illegal, so Guy is still married to Sybil Barton, an unscrupulous gold-digger who left him twelve years earlier. She demands that Guy give her $250,000 for his freedom.- Written by Les Adams

Bromance

When three friends go on a camping trip in a remote part of Argentina, sexual tensions quickly bubble to the surface. Once in virtual seclusion by the beach, Juli, also camping at the site, quickly recognises that that the boys seem to have a closer relationship than what she would consider 'normal'. The line between friendship and love fade further for two of the boys in particular as their desire becomes too much to bear. When what started as a simple getaway quickly becomes tinged with sex, romance, and conflict, everyone is forced to confront who they really are for the very first time.

Bachelor Games

Five British friends head to the Andes for a stag weekend. Of course, they’re unprepared, get lost – and inevitably ignore all warnings about the sinister local legend of the ‘The Hunter’.

Dibu: La película

When Caro and Marce go on vacation they find a new friend, Buji, and just like Dibu, she is a cartoon animated kid. Abu, Pepe, Víctor, Leo and Dibu are left alone at home and they have quite an adventure when they decide to sign-up Dibu in a go-cart race.

Chronicles of a Wandering Saint

In a tiny rural village in Argentina, Rita Lopez, a pious yet insatiably competitive woman, discovers that staging a miracle could be her ticket to sainthood.

Las corredoras

In 1959, Buenos Aires, Mabel, an employee of a ministry must travel to the field to get a contract signed by the rancher Antonovich. In that solitary house, guarded by a female motorist, she will live unexpected scenarios with intriguing characters that will change forever the course of her life.

The Red Star

The investigation about an alleged international spy after the Nazi refugees in Argentina gives way to a plot that expands, becomes delirious and branches off. A mockumentary that has, at its center, an elusive woman whose trail can be traced in the most emphatic convulsions of the 20th century.

A Few Feet Away

Santiago, a 20 year-old twink shaped by the anonymity of the virtual world, becomes frustrated with gay dating apps and starts obsessively looking for a real experience in the Buenos Aires nightlife.

Let the Dance Begin

The reunion of three friends, among tango, dance, music and the opportunity of a trip that will take them as in their good old days to travel the route of the country.

Incorregibles

Pedro, an inexperienced conman, decides to rob a bank. When he tries to escape, the branch is surrounded by police. His hostage turns out to be Pablo, the husband of the daughter of the bank's owner. After Pedro and Pablo leave the crime scene, Pedro demands ransom. But the money never arrives, since Pablo's father-in-law decides not to pay and, to make matters worse, instead sends an assassin to kill off Pedro.

A Day in Paradise

A cartoonist and painter who can not stand out and make a living, among other things, as a photographer of news magazines and a beautiful young woman who comes to Buenos Aires from inside the country to try to make it as a model and actress, living a love as passionate as fraught with disagreements.

Los pilotos más locos del mundo

A new and very risky mission to the crazy Brigadier Z. This time Emilio (Disi), Gino (Renni) and Alberto (Fernandez de Rosa) have the difficult task of piloting a Boeing 747 which, among other passengers as eccentric, dangerous moves to a gang of criminals. The members of the country's most famous brigade must go through endless setbacks and moments of extreme madness and fun, with the difficult but firmly aim to expose the evildoers fearful. The world's craziest drivers is a brilliant comedy, full of hilarious situations that will "take off" of laughter to children and adults.

Moles

A post-apocalyptic universe. A metropolis of two societies. On the surface, a regime that isolates the individuals in elite. A whole city scraped in the underground, where survival is the only law. Up and down don’t merge. Yet the Mole will climb up to fulfil his dreams.

The Extermineitors

Two Vietnam War veterans are sedated and thrown into the sea on the orders of a crime boss. Two sailors put on the veterans' clothes and Colonel Morris confuses them and thinks they are the veterans.

The Extermineitors 2: The Dragon Vengance

The Dragon is in prison ready to escape and take revenge on those who stopped. This will help a mafia organization that moves in the world of illegal betting related to martial arts fights worldwide and also linked to drug trafficking. In prison, the Dragon is a sinister character, McClain (Randholp McClain), an American imprisoned for killing their opponents. But once released sent to compete in the World Martial Arts Championship with Hector Echavarria, Argentine and world champion wrestler.

Extermineitors III: The Final Fight

This time the unusual "Extermineitors" must confront a secret organization that aims to make a fighter bionic implants (Randolph McCIain), test its performance, and create a multitude of "indestructible" men to dominate the world. Guillermo (Guillermo Francella) and world karate champion Hector (Echevarría) form part of a secret martial arts tournament to expose this evil group. To these is added Nico (Javier Belgeri), an orphan child (Son of Emilio Disi character played in previous installments) fan of this type of gear, which provides assistance in this crucial fight

Extermineitors IV: As Twin Brothers

The Colonel of the Extermineitors has discovered that McClain (McClain Randolph), old enemy of the organization, crime has left to live quietly in Iguazu Falls and wants working for him. That's how you develop a plan for Guillermo (Francella) perform McClain recruiting mission. The Colonel knows that William has a twin brother who never met and convinces him that the former offender is his lost brother ... Installed in Niagara, evading the thief who wants to kill Nico, an orphan who is in charge of William, MacClain convince that he is his twin brother, getting together to Buenos Aires to join the group of the Extermineitors.

Mercedes

Mercedes is a woman who has 212 years. She is also an unusual biological phenomenon in the human race, the only living witness of the entire history of Argentina.

La Cita Perfecta

Plot unavailable

Cleopatra era Cándida

Cándida marries a widowed millionaire. She is in full exercise of being the housewife, when her husband's daughter arrives, with the company of Amelita Vargas with 2 purposes: to find out what her father is hiding and that she marry him..

Los Tres Berretines

The members of a Buenos Aires family have three hobbies — "berretines" in Buenos Aires slang — that keep them apart of their duties. Because of that, the family business is going down, and the only one who is concerned is the father, who hopes for his fourth son, an architect, to save the situation.

The Dance-Off

By a quiet gas station in rural Buenos Aires, a young kid, Ernesto, confesses to his friend that he wants to be a dancer when he grows up. But in the patriarchal flatlands of Argentina, dancing isn't really an option. After being harassed by drivers by, Ernesto hides in the bathroom where he magically runs into a broken-hearted drag queen, Ruby. Charmingly mischievous, Ruby challenges him to a fateful dance off; one that will ultimately and forever encourage him to follow his dancing dreams.

Argentina Animated

A 3D dragon has become a 2D character. In his quest to recover, he discovers fragments of Argentine animation, new friends and teachings.

Happy Birthday

A humorist from the 1950's is celebrating his birthday, so a group of artists come together to celebrate this very special event. This birthday proves how toxic the artistic environment can be.

Historias Breves 0: Rubén, el Murciélago

Ruben is a bodybuilder, lives day and night dedicated to his body, which takes him all the time and does not look for work. But even the adversities of life cannot deter him from believing in himself as a superhero.

Crónica de un Secuestro

Plot unavailable

Las Patricias

A group of mother get together to create a plan to kill the teacher, chaos ensues.

The Motorcycle Diaries

Based on the journals of Che Guevara, leader of the Cuban Revolution. In his memoirs, Guevara recounts adventures he and best friend Alberto Granado had while crossing South America by motorcycle in the early 1950s.